Computer Architecture — Complete BSCS Notes
Computer System Design
Definition: Computer architecture is the design and organization of computer systems and components.
Components: CPU, Memory, Input/Output devices.
Goal: Improve performance, efficiency, and cost.
Example: Designing a fast gaming computer with high RAM and GPU.
Processor Design
Definition: CPU design includes ALU, Control Unit, and Registers.
ALU: Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Registers: Fast storage inside CPU.
Example: Intel and AMD processors.
Instruction Set & Addressing
Instruction Set: Set of commands CPU can execute.
Types: Data transfer, arithmetic, control instructions.
Addressing Modes: Immediate, Direct, Indirect.
Example: ADD AX, BX
Control Unit & Microprogramming
Control Unit: Controls execution of instructions.
Types: Hardwired Control, Microprogrammed Control.
Microprogramming: Uses microinstructions stored in control memory.
Example: Step-by-step execution of instructions.
Memory Hierarchy
Levels: Registers → Cache → RAM → Disk.
Cache Memory: Small, fast memory close to CPU.
Goal: Reduce access time.
Example: L1, L2, L3 cache in processors.
I/O and Interrupts
I/O System: Handles communication with external devices.
Interrupt: Signal that stops CPU to handle urgent task.
Example: Keyboard input generates interrupt.
Pipelining
Definition: Technique to execute multiple instructions simultaneously.
Stages: Fetch, Decode, Execute.
Problem: Hazards (data, control).
Example: Assembly line working.
Parallelism
Definition: Multiple tasks executed at the same time.
Types: Instruction-level, Data-level.
Example: GPU processing many pixels at once.
Multiprocessor Systems
Definition: System with more than one CPU.
Advantages: Speed, reliability, scalability.
Example: Multi-core processors.
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