Artificial Intelligence — Complete BSCS Notes
Introduction to AI & Lisp
Definition: AI is the field of making machines intelligent.
Common Lisp: Early AI programming language.
Example: Chatbots, recommendation systems.
Classical AI Systems
GPS: General Problem Solver using rules.
Means-Ends Analysis: Reduce difference between goal & current state.
ELIZA: First chatbot using pattern matching.
OPS-5: Rule-based system language.
Knowledge Representation
Definition: Represent knowledge in computer.
Types: Rules, Logic, Semantic networks, Frames, Scripts.
Example: "All humans are mortal".
Search Techniques
DFS: Go deep first.
BFS: Level by level.
A*: Best path algorithm.
Example: Finding shortest path.
Symbolic Mathematics
Definition: Solve equations symbolically.
Example: x+2=5 → x=3
Tools: Macsyma, PRESS.
Logic Programming
Definition: Programming using logic rules.
Concepts: Unification, Resolution, Horn clauses.
Language: Prolog.
Case Studies
Knowledge-Based Systems: Systems using stored knowledge.
Example: Medical expert system.
Modern AI
Neural Networks: Brain-like models.
Genetic Algorithm: Evolution-based.
Fuzzy Logic: Handles uncertainty.
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