CSI-321 Introduction to Computing Applications

Decimal (Base-10): Everyday system (0-9 digits). Example: 45 = 4&#215;10&#185; + 5&#215;10&#8304;
Binary (Base-2): Only 0 and 1. Example: 1011 = 1&#215;2&#179; + 0&#215;2&#178; + 1&#215;2&#185; + 1&#215;2&#8304; = 11 decimal
Octal (Base-8): 0-7 digits. Groups of 3 binary bits = 1 octal digit
Hexadecimal (Base-16): 0-9 + A-F. Groups of 4 binary bits = 1 hex digit. Most used in programming (memory addresses, colors #RRGGBB)

a March 18, 2026

BSCS Sem 1 - Computing Fundamentals (Detailed Chapters)

BSCS / BSIT • Semester 1 • Full Chapters with Sub-Topics

Computing Fundamentals

Har topic ki definition card pe dikhegi. Button click karo → full chapter with sub-topics, examples, exam tips