Architectural Model of Distributed System

 Distributed systems, where tasks are spread across multiple computers working together, rely on architectural models to define their structure and communication patterns. Here's a breakdown of the key architectural models used in distributed systems:

Virtualization:

Description:

Virtualization involves creating virtual instances of computing resources, such as servers, storage, or networks, to abstract physical hardware and provide a flexible and scalable infrastructure. Virtualization technologies enable the efficient utilization of resources by allowing multiple virtual instances to run on a single physical machine, each with its own isolated environment. Components:

Hypervisor:

Also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), the hypervisor is responsible for managing and allocating physical resources to virtual instances. It enables the creation, deployment, and management of virtual machines (VMs). Virtual Machines:

Virtual machines are software-based representations of physical hardware, including virtual CPU, memory, storage, and network interfaces. Multiple VMs can run concurrently on a single physical server, each operating independently. Management Tools:

Tools for provisioning, monitoring, and managing virtualized infrastructure, such as virtual machine managers (VMMs) and cloud management platforms (CMPs). Benefits: Increased resource utilization and efficiency. Improved flexibility and agility in deploying and scaling applications. Enhanced isolation and security through virtualized environments. Examples: VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V, KVM, Docker.

Service-Oriented Architecture

• Description: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural approach that structures software applications as a collection of loosely coupled, interoperable services. Services are self-contained, modular units of functionality that can be accessed and invoked over a network using standard communication protocols.
• Components:
  • Services: Self-contained units of functionality that encapsulate business logic and can be accessed remotely over a network. Services are designed to be independent, reusable, and interoperable.
  • Service Registry: A directory or repository that stores metadata about available services, including their interfaces, endpoints, and capabilities.
  • Service Consumers: Applications or clients that consume and interact with services to accomplish specific tasks or business processes.
• Benefits:
  • Promotes reusability and modularity of software components.
  • Facilitates interoperability and integration between heterogeneous systems and technologies.
  • Supports agility and flexibility by enabling rapid composition and deployment of services.
• Examples: RESTful web services, SOAP-based web services, microservices architecture.

• Grid Computing:

  • Description: Grid computing involves the coordinated use of distributed resources, such as computing power, storage, and data, across multiple administrative domains to solve large-scale computational problems. Grid computing systems typically comprise a network of geographically distributed nodes that collaborate to perform complex computations or process large

    Utility Computing:

    • Description: Utility computing refers to the delivery of computing resources and services on-demand, similar to traditional utility services like electricity or water. In a utility computing model, users pay for the resources they consume on a metered basis, typically through a pay-as-you-go or subscription-based pricing model.

      Client-Server Architecture:

      • Concept: This is a fundamental model where clients (user devices) request services from servers (powerful machines) that process the requests and send back responses.
      • Benefits:
        • Scalability: Servers can be easily added to handle increased client load.
        • Security: Centralized server management allows for better security control of data and resources.
        • Resource sharing: Servers can share resources like databases or applications with multiple clients.