The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the web) is a vast network of interconnected documents and resources that can be accessed using a web browser. It has become an indispensable tool for communication, commerce, and information exchange. The architecture of the web, which is the underlying framework that allows it to function, is complex and constantly evolving.
The web is built on a client-server architecture, where clients, such as web browsers, request resources from servers, such as web servers. The client sends a request for a resource, such as a webpage, and the server responds with the requested resource. This communication is based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the foundation of the web.
The web architecture consists of four main components: clients, servers, proxies, and caches. Clients are the user-facing software, such as web browsers, that send requests to servers. Servers are the computers that store and serve web resources, such as webpages and multimedia files. Proxies are intermediary servers that sit between clients and servers, forwarding requests and responses. Caches are temporary storage locations for frequently accessed resources, allowing for faster access and reduced server load.
The web architecture is organized around URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), which are unique identifiers for web resources. URLs consist of a protocol (such as HTTP or HTTPS), a domain name (such as www.example.com), and a path (such as /index.html). The domain name is resolved using the Domain Name System (DNS), which maps human-readable domain names to IP addresses.
The web architecture also includes several protocols and technologies that enable web functionality. These include HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), which is used to structure web content; CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), which is used to style web content; and JavaScript, which is used to add interactivity to webpages.
In recent years, the web has evolved to include new architectures and technologies. One such architecture is the REST (Representational State Transfer) architecture, which emphasizes a stateless client-server relationship and the use of HTTP methods (such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE) to manipulate resources. Another architecture is the Microservices architecture, which breaks down complex web applications into smaller, independent services that communicate with each other using APIs (Application Programming Interfaces).
The web architecture also includes several security mechanisms, such as HTTPS (HTTP Secure), which encrypts web traffic to prevent eavesdropping and tampering. Other security mechanisms include authentication and authorization protocols, such as OAuth and OpenID Connect, which allow users to securely log in and access
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